Learnings & Future Development

Looking Forward

When considering a structure based entirely on clay soil, cow dung, and sand, it should be constructed from different layers to provide the optimal properties of each material.

Layered Construction Approach

Compressive Strength Layer

Achieved by:

• Small amounts of cow dung
• Mixed with larger amounts of loam
• Focus on structural integrity

Flexural Strength Layer

Achieved by:

• Making use of fibers in the cow dung
• Adding additional fibers if needed
• Providing flexibility and crack resistance

Waterproofing layer

Final layer specifications:

• Higher amounts of cow dung and sand
• Lower or no clay content
• Maximum water resistance properties

Source: Kulshreshtha, 2021; Kulshreshtha et al, 2022